![]() Applications will be made jointly by the researcher and a beneficiary in the academic or non-academic sector. The scheme also encourages researchers to work on research and innovation projects in the non-academic sector and is open to researchers wishing to reintegrate in Europe, to those who are displaced by conflict, as well as to researchers with high potential who are seeking to restart their careers in research.įellowships will be provided to excellent researchers, undertaking international mobility either to or between EU Member States or Horizon Europe Associated Countries, as well as to non-associated Third Countries. MSCA Postdoctoral Fellowships will be open to excellent researchers of any nationality. For their discovery they were awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935.MSCA Postdoctoral Fellowships enhance the creative and innovative potential of researchers holding a PhD and who wish to acquire new skills through advanced training, international, interdisciplinary and inter-sectoral mobility. This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and for the discovery in 1934 by Irène and Frédéric of artificial radioactivity. ![]() The existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium, in which over a period of several years radium D and polonium had accumulated, made a decisive contribution to the success of theexperiments undertaken in the years around 1930-in particular of those experiments performed by Irène in conjunction with her husband, Frédéric Joliot-Curie. Marie understood the need to accumulate intense radioactive sources. She also helped found the Curie Foundation in Paris and the Radium Institute of Warsaw. It became a world-renowned center for nuclear physics and chemistry research. ![]() She helped found the Radium Institute (now called the Curie Institute) in Paris, France. Marie was determined that research into radiation should continue after her death. In 1911 Marie was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, for the isolation of pure radium. The radioactivity of pure radium proved to be more than one million times as great as that of either uranium or thorium. Pure radium alone was not isolated until 1910 by Marie with the help of chemist André-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre’s pupils. Marie was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in any subject. ![]() In 1903 Marie, Pierre, and Becquerel shared the Nobel Prize in Physics. Scientists soon recognized the importance of this work. In 1902 Marie succeeded in isolating one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride that was entirely free from barium. Pierre devoted himself chiefly to the physical study of the new radiations. Pierre then joined Marie in the work that she had undertaken to resolve this problem and that led to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and radium. Pitchblende, a mineral whose activity is superior to that of pure uranium, could be explained only by the presence in the ore of small quantities of an unknown substance of very high activity. Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende. She discovered that this was true for thorium at the same time as Gerhard Carl Schmidt did. Following Henri Becquerel’s discovery (1896) of a new phenomenon (which she later called “radioactivity”), Marie decided to find out if the property discovered in uranium was to be found in other matter.
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